2021년 Putnam 문제를 풀어보도록 하겠다.
물론 모르는 문제들은 바로 유기해버릴 예정이다.
A1. A grasshopper starts at the origin in the coordinate plane and makes a sequence of hops. Each hop has length 5, and after each hop the grasshopper is at a point whose coordinates are both integers; thus, there are 12 possible locations for the grasshopper after the first hop. What is the smallest number of hops needed for the grasshopper to reach the point (2021,2021)?
Sol.
The solution proceeds in two steps.
Step 1. We establish a lower bound to the number of hops needed.
Define the metric space $(\mathbb{R}, d)$ with the distance function $d(x,y) := |x_{1} - y_{1}| + |x_{2} - y_{2}|$ as the taxicab distance function.
If we denote $A := (2021,2021)$, note that $d(O, A) = 4042$. Further, if we denote the point of the grasshopper after k hops as $G_{k}$, note that by the triangle inequality
$$ d(O,G_{k}) \leq d(O,G_{1}) + \Sigma_{i=1}^{k-1} d(G_{i}, G_{i+1}) \leq 7k$$.
Further, if $A = G_{n}$ for some positive integer n, that is, there exists a sequence of n steps that takes the grasshopper to A, it follows that $$4042 = d(O,G_{n}) \leq 7n$$.
Therefore, $n \geq \frac{4042}{7}$, and since n is a positive integer it follows that $n \geq 578$.
Step 2. We prove that this bound is actually tight.
We will construct a sequence of 578 steps by which the grasshopper will land at (2021,2021) from the origin using valid hops.
For the first 576 steps, at each odd numbered hop move the grasshopper by (+3,+4) and at each even numbered hop move the grasshopper by (+4,+3). Then after step 576 the hopper will be at (+7,+7)*288 = (2016,2016).
Now at the 577th step move by (+5,0), and at the 578th step move (0,+5), leading the hopper to our desired point. $\square$
A2. For every positive real number $x$, let
$g(x) = \lim_{r \to 0} ((x+1)^{r+1} - x^{r+1})^{\frac{1}{r}}$.
Find $\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{g(x)}{x}$.
Sol.
We first proceed to prove that g is well-defined for all x.
To do this, we will consider the limit $\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{\log ((x+1)^{r+1} - x^{r+1})}{r}$.
Note the following facts:
1) Naively plugging r=0 into the numerator and denominator gives an indeterminate form 0/0.
2) Looking at the denominator and numerators as functions of r, they are both differentiable at some interval around r=0.
Therefore we can suspect L'Hoptial's rule will be applicable here:
$$\lim_{r \to 0} \frac{\frac{d}{dr} \log ((x+1)^{r+1} - x^{r+1})}{1} \\ = \lim_{r \to 0} (x+1)^{r+1} \log (x+1) - x^{r+1} \log x \\ = (x+1) \log (x+1) - x \log x$$
Therefore by L'Hoptial's rule, the original limit also gives $(x+1) \log (x+1) - x \log x$, and therefore by continuity of the log function on the positive reals we also get
$$g(x) = e^{(x+1) \log (x+1) - x \log x} = \frac{(x+1)^{x+1}}{x^{x}}$$
Finally, $$\frac{g(x)}{x} = \frac{x+1}{x} * (1+\frac{1}{x})^{x} \\ = 1*e \\ = e$$
Which is the solution to the problem. $\square$
A3. Determine all positive integers N s.t. there exists a regular tetrahedron inscribed in the sphere $$x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} = N$$ whose vertices have integer coordinates.
Sol.
--수정중--
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